A virtude do julgador, segundo Sócrates

Publicado emAutor: Sofia Araújo734 Comentários ↓

“Apologia de Sócrates” é obra de Platão que, como tantas outras, tem o ateniense como protagonista. Apesar de classificar-se, quanto ao gênero literário, como diálogo filosófico, a troca de turnos ao longo do texto é reduzida. Predomina o discurso do protagonista, havendo diversos elementos textuais que fazem pressupor a co-presença de uma audiência1 e algumas passagens em que se explicita a interação com Meleto, seu principal acusador1. Para exemplificar essas estratégias, apresentam-se apenas dois exemplos.

 

“É que, pela primeira vez depois de setenta anos, me apresento diante de um tribunal.

Por isso, sou quase estranho ao modo de falar aqui. (…)” (PLATÃO, 1999, p. 58).

 

“— Por Zeus, Meleto, diz-me ainda: que é melhor, viver entre virtuosos cidadãos ou entre malvados? Responde, meu caro, não te pergunto uma coisa difícil. Não fazem os malvados alguma maldade aos que são seus vizinhos, e alguns benefícios os bons?

— Certamente.

— E haverá quem prefira receber malefícios a ser auxiliado por aqueles que estão com ele? Responde, porque também a lei manda responder. Há os que prefiram ser prejudicados?

— É claro que não.

— Vamos, pois tu me acusas como pessoa que corrompe os jovens e os torna piores voluntariamente ou involuntariamente?

— Para mim, voluntariamente” (PLATÃO, 1999, p. 67).

 

O diálogo desenrola-se no contexto do julgamento a que se submete Sócrates em virtude de acusação formulada por Meleto, Anito e Lícon, inculpando-o, em síntese, de: (1) investigar indiscretamente as coisas terrenas e celestes, tornado mais forte a razão mais débil; e (2) corromper a juventude, não considerado deuses as divindades em que todo o povo acredita.

Sócrates, cabeça em mármore — cópia de um bronze do Pompeão de Atenas, feito por Lysippus em 330 a.C. Acervo do Museu do Louvre (Disponível em: https://collections.louvre.fr/en/ark:/53355/cl010278931. Acesso em: 20 ago. 2023.)

 

O processo judicial, nesse período, ocorria em assembleia pública, sendo o resultado aferido mediante sufrágio de um grupo de jurados constituído de 501 cidadãos atenienses. Consentâneo aos procedimentos de julgamento, o texto divide-se em três partes, a saber:

1ª parte 〉 defesa diante do júri,

2ª parte 〉 escolha da pena,

3ª parte 〉 reflexões sobre a morte.

 

O inestimável valor civilizatório não impede que o texto seja um curto e simples. Basta a leitura da primeira seção da primeira parte para imergir em um universo de referências históricas e filosóficas que renovam e atualizam os fundamentos universais do Direito. A obra é um clássico filosófico, jurídico e literário, pois está apta a revigorar  a racionalidade judicante e suscitar o retorno do julgador a seu papel fundamental, o de priorizar a verdade dos fatos, mesmo quando o ambiente cultural se encontra permeado de ideologias, tecnicismos ou burocracias.

No trecho a seguir destacado, contrastando a habilidade de falar com a intenção de enganar, que lhe atribuem seus acusadores, Sócrates pede a seus julgadores que permitam que ele se expresse com naturalidade, avisando que, sem traquejo em discursos perante tribunais, não domina a arte da erudição, como seus acusadores. Em contraste, declara falar com simplicidade e clareza, visando à verdade.

 

“(…) Contudo, cidadãos atenienses, por Zeus, não ouvireis discursos repletos de expressões ou palavras vazias, ou adornados como os deles, mas coisas ditas simplesmente de maneira espontânea; pois estou certo de que é justo o que digo, e nenhum de vós espera outra coisa. Em verdade, nem conviria que eu, nesta idade, me apresentasse diante de vós, senhores, como um jovenzinho que prepara os seus discursos. E todavia, cidadãos atenienses, faço-vos um pedido, uma súplica: se sentires que me defendo com os mesmos discursos com os quais costumo falar nas feiras, na praça perto dos bancos, onde muitos de vós me tendes ouvido, em outros lugares, não estranheis por isso, nem provoqueis tumulto” (PLATÃO, 1999, p. 58).

 

Com essa declaração, Sócrates pretende afastar a pecha de sofista, que constitui elemento da acusação. Assim, ele declara não desempenhar o ofício de elaborar discursos que visam ao convencimento por meio de recursos retóricos aptos a tornar forte a razão débil. Essa declaração sintetiza o ideal socrático do comportamento dos cidadãos envolvidos em processos judiciais:

 

“(…) assim também agora vos peço algo que me parece justo: permiti-me, em primeiro lugar, a minha linguagem — e poderá ser pior ou mesmo melhor — depois, considerai se o que digo é justo ou não. Essa, de fato, é a virtude do juiz; do orador, o mérito é dizer a verdade.” (PLATÃO, 1999, p. 58)”.

 

A leitura da seção primeira do diálogo já é suficiente para demonstrar que certos procedimentos judiciais remontam à Antiguidade clássica, como a constituição do júri e a alternância de turnos (dialética formal) no embate entre acusação e defesa. Evidencia-se também a importância do domínio da linguagem nesse contexto, não somente no contraste entre sofística e filosofia, mas sobretudo pela fundante reflexão sobre o conceito de justiça.

Ainda nesse trecho inicial da “Apologia de Sócrates”, o filósofo personagem3 assenta dois fundamentos do Direito: a prerrogativa do acusado de expressar-se com autenticidade, segundo o domínio que tenha da linguagem, e a obrigação do julgador de avaliar se são verdadeiras as afirmativas do acusado — o cumprimento dessa obrigação seria, segundo ele, sua maior virtude.

Procedendo dessa forma, os envolvidos no processo judicial concorreriam para o bem, pois estariam todos comprometidos com a busca da verdade. Sua crença nisso é absoluta, tanto que, uma vez condenado, a opção lógica do filósofo (segunda parte do diálogo) é pela pena de morte, tendo em vista que, se é verdade que a cidade condena a filosofia, é inadmissível dar outro fim a pessoa (filósofo) que se dedica a examinar a si mesmo e aos outros, entendendo que “a vida sem esse exame não é digna de um ser humano” (PLATÃO, 1999, p. 84).

 

_____________

1 A co-presença da audiência é assinalada por meio de recursos como: vocativos, emprego de formas verbais de 2ª pessoa, elementos dêiticos e comentários sobre o comportamento da audiência.

2 Seguindo o rito processual do julgamento ateniense, o acusador não poderia interromper a defesa, mas estava obrigado a responder as perguntas que lhe fossem dirigidas.

3 Apesar de ser incontroversa a existência histórica de Sócrates, há justificado debate a respeito do grau de fidelidade com que Platão apresentou as palavras e as ideias de seu mestre, em seus diversos diálogos.

 

REFERÊNCIAS (bibliográficas e midiáticas)

AGUIAR, José Fábio Rodrigues (org.) História do Direito. São Paulo: Saraiva, 2007.

CARVALHO, Olavo de. Como ler e entender Platão e Sócrates. Disponível em: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=4MfBTKwZVcU&t=32s. Acesso em: 07 ago. 2022.

DROSDEK, Andreas. Sócrates: o poder do não-saber. Petrópolis (RJ): Vozes, 2008.

NASSER, José Monir. Platão: Apologia de Sócrates. Disponível em: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=AlOrrMxeDnE. Acesso em: 28 jul. 2022.

PLATÃO. Apologia de Sócrates & Banquete. Coleção “A obra-prima de cada autor”. — Tradução de Jean Melville. São Paulo: Martim Claret, 1999.

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